diff --git a/engine/engine.go b/engine/engine.go
index ec3e12a..b5b06f3 100644
--- a/engine/engine.go
+++ b/engine/engine.go
@@ -1,17 +1,9 @@
 package engine
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"fmt"
 
-	"github.com/lib/pq"
-
-	_ "github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb"
-	_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
-	"github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
-	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
-
 	_ "git.fsdpf.net/go/db/dialect/mysql"
 	_ "git.fsdpf.net/go/db/dialect/postgres"
 	_ "git.fsdpf.net/go/db/dialect/sqlite3"
@@ -58,32 +50,8 @@ func (e Engine) MakeConnection(cfg DBConfig) (db *sql.DB) {
 	switch cfg.Driver {
 	case "mysql":
 	case "sqlite3":
-		defer func() {
-			if r := recover(); r != nil {
-				panic(r)
-			}
-			if cfg.SQLite.Raw == nil {
-				return
-			}
-			conn, err := db.Conn(context.Background())
-			if err != nil {
-				panic(err)
-			}
-			err = conn.Raw(func(driverConn any) error {
-				sqliteConn := driverConn.(*sqlite3.SQLiteConn)
-				return cfg.SQLite.Raw(sqliteConn)
-			})
-			if err != nil {
-				panic(err)
-			}
-		}()
 	case "sqlserver":
 	case "postgres":
-		if url, err := pq.ParseURL(dsn); err == nil {
-			dsn = url
-		} else {
-			panic(err)
-		}
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unsupported driver: %s", cfg.Driver))
 	}
diff --git a/engine/engine_config.go b/engine/engine_config.go
index 966af3c..1d6a607 100644
--- a/engine/engine_config.go
+++ b/engine/engine_config.go
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 	"time"
-
-	"github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
 )
 
 type MockDBConfig struct {
@@ -56,7 +54,6 @@ type DBConfig struct {
 		Synchronous int
 		Cache       string
 		BusyTimeout int
-		Raw         func(*sqlite3.SQLiteConn) error
 	}
 
 	SQLServer struct {
@@ -142,33 +139,77 @@ func (c *DBConfig) toMySQLDSN() string {
 
 // toPostgreSQLDSN 生成 PostgreSQL DSN
 func (c *DBConfig) toPostgreSQLDSN() string {
-	params := url.Values{}
-	if c.Host != "" {
-		params.Add("host", c.Host)
-	} else if len(c.WriteHosts) > 0 {
-		params.Add("host", c.WriteHosts[0])
-	} else if len(c.ReadHosts) > 0 {
-		params.Add("host", c.ReadHosts[0])
+	// 构建连接字符串参数列表
+	var params []string
+
+	// 确定主机地址
+	host := c.Host
+	if host == "" && len(c.WriteHosts) > 0 {
+		host = c.WriteHosts[0]
 	}
-	if c.Port == "" {
-		c.Port = "5432" // 默认 PostgreSQL 端口
+	if host == "" && len(c.ReadHosts) > 0 {
+		host = c.ReadHosts[0]
 	}
-	params.Add("port", c.Port)
-	params.Add("dbname", c.Database)
-	params.Add("user", c.Username)
+	if host != "" {
+		params = append(params, fmt.Sprintf("host=%s", host))
+	}
+
+	// 设置端口
+	port := c.Port
+	if port == "" {
+		port = "5432" // 默认 PostgreSQL 端口
+	}
+	params = append(params, fmt.Sprintf("port=%s", port))
+
+	// 添加用户名
+	if c.Username != "" {
+		params = append(params, fmt.Sprintf("user=%s", c.Username))
+	}
+
+	// 添加密码
 	if c.Password != "" {
-		params.Add("password", c.Password)
+		params = append(params, fmt.Sprintf("password=%s", c.Password))
 	}
+
+	// 添加数据库名
+	if c.Database != "" {
+		params = append(params, fmt.Sprintf("dbname=%s", c.Database))
+	}
+
+	// 添加 SSL 模式
 	if c.PostgreSQL.Sslmode != "" {
-		params.Add("sslmode", c.PostgreSQL.Sslmode)
+		params = append(params, fmt.Sprintf("sslmode=%s", c.PostgreSQL.Sslmode))
 	}
+
+	// 添加连接超时
 	if c.PostgreSQL.ConnectTimeout > 0 {
-		params.Add("connect_timeout", fmt.Sprintf("%d", c.PostgreSQL.ConnectTimeout))
+		params = append(params, fmt.Sprintf("connect_timeout=%d", c.PostgreSQL.ConnectTimeout))
 	}
+
+	// 添加应用名称
 	if c.PostgreSQL.ApplicationName != "" {
-		params.Add("application_name", c.PostgreSQL.ApplicationName)
+		params = append(params, fmt.Sprintf("application_name=%s", c.PostgreSQL.ApplicationName))
 	}
-	return "postgres://" + c.Username + ":" + url.QueryEscape(c.Password) + "@" + params.Get("host") + ":" + c.Port + "/" + c.Database + "?" + params.Encode()
+
+	// 添加搜索路径
+	if c.PostgreSQL.SearchPath != "" {
+		params = append(params, fmt.Sprintf("search_path=%s", c.PostgreSQL.SearchPath))
+	}
+
+	// 用空格连接所有参数
+	return joinParams(params, " ")
+}
+
+// joinParams 连接参数列表
+func joinParams(params []string, sep string) string {
+	if len(params) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	result := params[0]
+	for i := 1; i < len(params); i++ {
+		result += sep + params[i]
+	}
+	return result
 }
 
 // toSQLiteDSN 生成 SQLite DSN
@@ -388,16 +429,6 @@ func WithSQLiteFile(file string) Option {
 	}
 }
 
-// SQLite 注册函数
-func WithSQLiteRaw(raw func(*sqlite3.SQLiteConn) error) Option {
-	return func(c *DBConfig) {
-		if c.Driver != "sqlite3" {
-			panic("WithSQLiteRegFn is only valid for sqlite3 driver")
-		}
-		c.SQLite.Raw = raw
-	}
-}
-
 func WithSQLiteJournal(journal string) Option {
 	return func(c *DBConfig) {
 		if c.Driver != "sqlite3" {
diff --git a/engine/engine_config_test.go b/engine/engine_config_test.go
index b9f13ad..bec6b0b 100644
--- a/engine/engine_config_test.go
+++ b/engine/engine_config_test.go
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"git.fsdpf.net/go/db/engine"
+	_ "github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb"
+	_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
+	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
 )
 
 // TestMySQLConfig 测试 MySQL 驱动的配置
@@ -333,7 +336,7 @@ func TestToDSN(t *testing.T) {
 				engine.WithPassword("password"),
 				engine.WithPgSslmode("disable"),
 			),
-			wantDSN: "postgres://postgres:password@localhost:5432/testdb?host=localhost&port=5432&dbname=testdb&user=postgres&password=password&sslmode=disable",
+			wantDSN: "host=localhost port=5432 user=postgres password=password dbname=testdb sslmode=disable",
 			wantErr: false,
 		},
 		{
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index abdef50..d6f4dd0 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/golang-sql/sqlexp v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2 // indirect
-	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.2.12 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.11.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/text v0.21.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 65f6afd..c1b87f4 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@ github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2/go.mod h1:FRsXN1f5AsAjCGJKqEizvkpNtU+EGNCLh3NxZ/
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
-github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.2.12 h1:9LC83zGrHhuUA9l16C9AHXAqEV/2wBQ4nkvumAE65EE=
-github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.2.12/go.mod h1:UNopzCgEMSXjBc6AOMqYvWC1ktqTAfzJZUZgYf6w6lg=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20201016220609-9e8e0b390897/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220622213112-05595931fe9d/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=