diff --git a/errors.go b/errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aed6c90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+package reflux
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+// 预定义的基础错误
+
+// ErrEmptyPath 表示路径为空
+var ErrEmptyPath = errors.New("rfx: empty path")
+
+// ErrAppendNotSupported 表示 Append 操作不支持当前类型
+var ErrAppendNotSupported = errors.New("rfx: Append only supports slice type")
+
+// ErrAppendNilValue 表示无法向 nil 值追加
+var ErrAppendNilValue = errors.New("rfx: cannot append to nil value")
+
+// ErrNilPointerInPath 表示路径中存在 nil 指针或接口
+var ErrNilPointerInPath = errors.New("rfx: nil pointer/interface in path")
+
+// ErrInvalidValueInPath 表示路径中的值无效
+var ErrInvalidValueInPath = errors.New("rfx: invalid value in path")
+
+// ErrValueCannotBeSet 表示值无法被设置
+var ErrValueCannotBeSet = errors.New("rfx: value cannot be set")
+
+// ErrTargetNilPointer 表示目标是 nil 指针或接口
+var ErrTargetNilPointer = errors.New("rfx: target is nil pointer/interface")
+
+// ErrInvalidValue 表示值无效的基础错误
+var ErrInvalidValue = errors.New("rfx: invalid value")
+
+// ErrCannotSet 表示无法设置的基础错误
+var ErrCannotSet = errors.New("rfx: cannot set value")
+
+// ErrFieldNotFound 表示字段不存在的基础错误
+var ErrFieldNotFound = errors.New("rfx: field not found")
+
+// ErrKeyNotFound 表示键不存在的基础错误
+var ErrKeyNotFound = errors.New("rfx: key not found")
+
+// ErrValueNotFound 表示值不存在的基础错误
+var ErrValueNotFound = errors.New("rfx: value not found")
+
+// ErrInvalidIndex 表示索引无效的基础错误
+var ErrInvalidIndex = errors.New("rfx: invalid index")
+
+// ErrElementInvalid 表示元素无效的基础错误
+var ErrElementInvalid = errors.New("rfx: element invalid")
+
+// ErrUnsupportedType 表示不支持的类型的基础错误
+var ErrUnsupportedType = errors.New("rfx: unsupported type")
+
+// ErrCannotAssign 表示无法赋值的基础错误
+var ErrCannotAssign = errors.New("rfx: cannot assign value")
+
+// ErrIndexOutOfRange 表示索引越界的基础错误
+var ErrIndexOutOfRange = errors.New("rfx: index out of range")
+
+// ErrNormalizeFailed 表示规范化失败的基础错误
+var ErrNormalizeFailed = errors.New("rfx: normalize failed")
+
+// ErrCannotConvert 表示无法转换的基础错误
+var ErrCannotConvert = errors.New("rfx: cannot convert")
+
+// ErrSetFailed 表示设置失败的基础错误
+var ErrSetFailed = errors.New("rfx: set failed")
+
+// ErrInvalidValue 相关
+
+// NewErrInvalidValueForPath 创建路径值无效错误
+func NewErrInvalidValueForPath(path string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w for path '%s'", ErrInvalidValue, path)
+}
+
+// ErrCannotSet 相关
+
+// NewErrCannotSetPath 创建无法设置路径错误
+func NewErrCannotSetPath(path string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w at path '%s'", ErrCannotSet, path)
+}
+
+// NewErrFieldCannotSet 创建字段无法设置错误
+func NewErrFieldCannotSet(fieldName string, fieldType reflect.Type) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, field '%s' (type: %s) (unexported or not addressable)", ErrCannotSet, fieldName, fieldType)
+}
+
+// NewErrSliceElementCannotSet 创建切片元素无法设置错误
+func NewErrSliceElementCannotSet(index int) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, slice element at index %d", ErrCannotSet, index)
+}
+
+// NewErrArrayElementCannotSet 创建数组元素无法设置错误
+func NewErrArrayElementCannotSet(index int) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, array element at index %d", ErrCannotSet, index)
+}
+
+// ErrSetFailed 相关
+
+// NewErrSetFailed 创建设置失败错误(包装底层错误)
+func NewErrSetFailed(path string, err error) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w at path '%s': %w", ErrSetFailed, path, err)
+}
+
+// NewErrSetSliceElementFailed 创建设置切片元素失败错误
+func NewErrSetSliceElementFailed(index int, err error) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, slice element at index %d: %w", ErrSetFailed, index, err)
+}
+
+// NewErrSetStructFieldFailed 创建设置结构体字段失败错误
+func NewErrSetStructFieldFailed(fieldName string, err error) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, struct field '%s': %w", ErrSetFailed, fieldName, err)
+}
+
+// Append 相关
+
+// NewErrAppendItemFailed 创建追加元素失败错误
+func NewErrAppendItemFailed(index int, err error) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("rfx: failed to append item at index %d to slice: %w", index, err)
+}
+
+// ErrFieldNotFound / ErrKeyNotFound / ErrValueNotFound 相关
+
+// NewErrFieldNotFound 创建字段不存在错误
+func NewErrFieldNotFound(fieldName string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, '%s' in struct", ErrFieldNotFound, fieldName)
+}
+
+// NewErrFieldNotFoundInStruct 创建结构体中字段不存在错误(包含类型信息)
+func NewErrFieldNotFoundInStruct(fieldName string, structType reflect.Type) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, '%s' in struct %s", ErrFieldNotFound, fieldName, structType)
+}
+
+// NewErrKeyNotFound 创建键不存在错误
+func NewErrKeyNotFound(key string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, '%s' in map", ErrKeyNotFound, key)
+}
+
+// NewErrValueNotFound 创建值不存在错误
+func NewErrValueNotFound(key string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w for key '%s' in map", ErrValueNotFound, key)
+}
+
+// ErrInvalidIndex / ErrIndexOutOfRange / ErrElementInvalid 相关
+
+// NewErrInvalidIndex 创建索引无效错误
+func NewErrInvalidIndex(index string, length int) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, '%s' for slice/array (len=%d)", ErrInvalidIndex, index, length)
+}
+
+// NewErrInvalidSliceIndex 创建切片索引无效错误
+func NewErrInvalidSliceIndex(index string, err error) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, slice index '%s': %w", ErrInvalidIndex, index, err)
+}
+
+// NewErrInvalidArrayIndex 创建数组索引无效错误
+func NewErrInvalidArrayIndex(index string, err error) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, array index '%s': %w", ErrInvalidIndex, index, err)
+}
+
+// NewErrSliceIndexOutOfRange 创建切片索引越界错误
+func NewErrSliceIndexOutOfRange(index, length int) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, slice index %d (len=%d)", ErrIndexOutOfRange, index, length)
+}
+
+// NewErrArrayIndexOutOfRange 创建数组索引越界错误
+func NewErrArrayIndexOutOfRange(index, length int) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, array index %d (len=%d)", ErrIndexOutOfRange, index, length)
+}
+
+// NewErrElementInvalid 创建元素无效错误
+func NewErrElementInvalid(index string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w at index '%s'", ErrElementInvalid, index)
+}
+
+// ErrUnsupportedType 相关
+
+// NewErrUnsupportedType 创建不支持的类型错误
+func NewErrUnsupportedType(kind reflect.Kind, key string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, %s at key '%s'", ErrUnsupportedType, kind, key)
+}
+
+// NewErrUnsupportedTargetType 创建不支持的目标类型错误
+func NewErrUnsupportedTargetType(kind reflect.Kind) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, %s", ErrUnsupportedType, kind)
+}
+
+// NewErrUnsupportedTargetTypeForValue 创建不支持的目标类型错误(包含值类型)
+func NewErrUnsupportedTargetTypeForValue(targetType reflect.Type, inputType string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, target %s for value type %s", ErrUnsupportedType, targetType, inputType)
+}
+
+// ErrCannotAssign 相关
+
+// NewErrCannotAssign 创建无法赋值错误
+func NewErrCannotAssign(valueType, targetType reflect.Type) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, type %s to map value type %s", ErrCannotAssign, valueType, targetType)
+}
+
+// ErrNormalizeFailed 相关
+
+// NewErrNormalizeInputFailed 创建输入规范化失败错误
+func NewErrNormalizeInputFailed(err error) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, input value: %w", ErrNormalizeFailed, err)
+}
+
+// ErrCannotConvert 相关
+
+// NewErrCannotConvertToSlice 创建无法转换为切片错误
+func NewErrCannotConvertToSlice(sourceType, targetType reflect.Type) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, %s to slice type %s", ErrCannotConvert, sourceType, targetType)
+}
+
+// NewErrCannotConvertToStruct 创建无法转换为结构体错误
+func NewErrCannotConvertToStruct(sourceType, targetType reflect.Type) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, %s to struct type %s", ErrCannotConvert, sourceType, targetType)
+}
+
+// NewErrCannotConvertValue 创建无法转换值错误
+func NewErrCannotConvertValue(inputType string, targetType reflect.Type, err error) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w, value of type %s to target type %s: %w", ErrCannotConvert, inputType, targetType, err)
+}
+
+// 其他
+
+// NewErrUnmarshalFailed 创建反序列化失败错误
+func NewErrUnmarshalFailed(targetType reflect.Type, err error) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("rfx: failed to unmarshal JSON into type %s: %w", targetType, err)
+}
diff --git a/errors_example_test.go b/errors_example_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..328cd9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/errors_example_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+package reflux_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"git.fsdpf.net/go/reflux"
+)
+
+// ExampleSet_errorMessages 演示设置失败时的详细错误信息
+func ExampleSet_errorMessages() {
+	type Person struct {
+		Name string
+		Age  int
+	}
+
+	p := &Person{Name: "Alice", Age: 30}
+	r := reflux.New(p)
+
+	// 示例1: 类型不匹配错误 - 显示原有类型和传入值的类型
+	defer func() {
+		if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
+			fmt.Println("错误:", rec)
+			// 输出类似: rfx: set failed at path 'Age': cannot convert value of type map[string]int to target type int: ...
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// 尝试将 map 设置为 int 类型字段，会显示详细的类型转换错误
+	r.Set("Age", map[string]int{"invalid": 123})
+}
+
+// ExampleSet_fieldNotFound 演示字段不存在的错误信息
+func ExampleSet_fieldNotFound() {
+	type Person struct {
+		Name string
+		Age  int
+	}
+
+	p := &Person{Name: "Bob", Age: 25}
+	r := reflux.New(p)
+
+	defer func() {
+		if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
+			fmt.Println(rec)
+			// Output: rfx: set failed at path 'InvalidField': rfx: field not found, 'InvalidField' in struct reflux_test.Person
+		}
+	}()
+
+	r.Set("InvalidField", "value")
+}
+
+// ExampleSet_sliceIndexOutOfRange 演示切片索引越界的错误信息
+func ExampleSet_sliceIndexOutOfRange() {
+	type Data struct {
+		Items []int
+	}
+
+	d := &Data{Items: []int{1, 2, 3}}
+	r := reflux.New(d)
+
+	defer func() {
+		if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
+			fmt.Println(rec)
+			// Output: rfx: set failed at path 'Items.10': rfx: index out of range, slice index 10 (len=3)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	r.Set("Items.10", 999)
+}
+
+// ExampleSet_unexportedField 演示未导出字段的错误信息
+func ExampleSet_unexportedField() {
+	type Person struct {
+		Name string
+		age  int // 未导出字段
+	}
+
+	p := &Person{Name: "Charlie"}
+	r := reflux.New(p)
+
+	defer func() {
+		if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
+			fmt.Println(rec)
+			// Output: rfx: set failed at path 'age': rfx: cannot set value, field 'age' (type: int) (unexported or not addressable)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	r.Set("age", 40)
+}
+
+// ExampleAppend_typeConversionError 演示 Append 时的类型转换错误
+func ExampleAppend_typeConversionError() {
+	type Data struct {
+		Items []int
+	}
+
+	d := &Data{Items: []int{1, 2, 3}}
+	r := reflux.New(d).Get("Items")
+
+	defer func() {
+		if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
+			fmt.Println(rec)
+			// Output: rfx: failed to append item at index 0 to slice: cannot convert value of type map[string]int to target type int: ...
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// 尝试追加无法转换为 int 的 map
+	r.Append(map[string]int{"invalid": 123})
+}
+
+// ExampleSet_nestedPathError 演示嵌套路径中的错误信息
+func ExampleSet_nestedPathError() {
+	type Address struct {
+		City string
+	}
+	type Person struct {
+		Name    string
+		Address Address
+	}
+
+	p := &Person{
+		Name:    "David",
+		Address: Address{City: "NYC"},
+	}
+	r := reflux.New(p)
+
+	defer func() {
+		if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
+			fmt.Println(rec)
+			// Output: rfx: set failed at path 'Address.Country': rfx: field not found, 'Country' in struct reflux_test.Address
+		}
+	}()
+
+	r.Set("Address.Country", "USA")
+}
+
+// ExampleSet_successfulTypeConversion 演示成功的类型转换
+func ExampleSet_successfulTypeConversion() {
+	type Person struct {
+		Name string
+		Age  int
+	}
+
+	p := &Person{Name: "Eve", Age: 20}
+	r := reflux.New(p)
+
+	// 字符串 "30" 可以成功转换为 int
+	r.Set("Age", "30")
+	fmt.Printf("Name: %s, Age: %d\n", p.Name, p.Age)
+	// Output: Name: Eve, Age: 30
+}
diff --git a/rfx.go b/rfx.go
index 186edbd..90cc6c0 100644
--- a/rfx.go
+++ b/rfx.go
@@ -37,32 +37,32 @@ func (r *rfx) Scope(p ...string) R {
 }
 
 // Set 设置指定路径的值,支持链式调用
-// 如果路径不存在或设置失败,会 panic
+// 如果路径不存在或设置失败,会 panic 并提供详细错误信息
 func (r *rfx) Set(key string, v any) R {
 	// 展开路径
 	keys := expandPath(key)
 	if len(keys) == 0 {
-		panic("rfx: empty path")
+		panic(ErrEmptyPath)
 	}
 
 	// 如果只有一个键,直接设置
 	if len(keys) == 1 {
 		target := r.getParentValue()
 		if !target.IsValid() {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("rfx: invalid value for path '%s'", key))
+			panic(NewErrInvalidValueForPath(key))
 		}
 		if !target.CanSet() {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("rfx: cannot set value at path '%s'", key))
+			panic(NewErrCannotSetPath(key))
 		}
-		if !r.setFieldValue(target, keys[0], v) {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("rfx: failed to set value at path '%s'", key))
+		if err := r.setFieldValue(target, keys[0], v); err != nil {
+			panic(NewErrSetFailed(key, err))
 		}
 		return r
 	}
 
 	// 多个键的情况,需要特殊处理 map 中的 struct
-	if !r.setNestedValue(r.value, keys, v) {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("rfx: failed to set value at path '%s'", key))
+	if err := r.setNestedValue(r.value, keys, v); err != nil {
+		panic(NewErrSetFailed(key, err))
 	}
 	return r
 }
@@ -79,13 +79,13 @@ func (r *rfx) Append(items ...any) R {
 	target := r.getParentValue()
 	for target.Kind() == reflect.Ptr || target.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
 		if target.IsNil() {
-			panic("rfx: cannot append to nil value")
+			panic(ErrAppendNilValue)
 		}
 		target = target.Elem()
 	}
 
 	if !target.IsValid() || target.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
-		panic("rfx: Append only supports slice type")
+		panic(ErrAppendNotSupported)
 	}
 
 	// 一次性构造所有要追加的元素,然后调用一次 reflect.Append
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ func (r *rfx) Append(items ...any) R {
 	newValues := make([]reflect.Value, len(items))
 	for i, item := range items {
 		newElem := reflect.New(elemType).Elem()
-		if !r.setValue(newElem, item) {
-			panic("rfx: failed to append item to slice")
+		if err := r.setValue(newElem, item); err != nil {
+			panic(NewErrAppendItemFailed(i, err))
 		}
 		newValues[i] = newElem
 	}
@@ -104,23 +104,23 @@ func (r *rfx) Append(items ...any) R {
 }
 
 // setNestedValue 递归设置嵌套值,特殊处理 map 中的 struct
-func (r *rfx) setNestedValue(current reflect.Value, keys []string, v any) bool {
+func (r *rfx) setNestedValue(current reflect.Value, keys []string, v any) error {
 	// 解引用指针和接口
 	for current.Kind() == reflect.Ptr || current.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
 		if current.IsNil() {
-			return false
+			return ErrNilPointerInPath
 		}
 		current = current.Elem()
 	}
 
 	if !current.IsValid() {
-		return false
+		return ErrInvalidValueInPath
 	}
 
 	// 如果只剩一个键,直接设置
 	if len(keys) == 1 {
 		if !current.CanSet() {
-			return false
+			return ErrValueCannotBeSet
 		}
 		return r.setFieldValue(current, keys[0], v)
 	}
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ func (r *rfx) setNestedValue(current reflect.Value, keys []string, v any) bool {
 	case reflect.Struct:
 		field := tryStructFieldValue(current, firstKey)
 		if !field.IsValid() {
-			return false
+			return NewErrFieldNotFound(firstKey)
 		}
 		return r.setNestedValue(field, remainingKeys, v)
 
@@ -142,12 +142,12 @@ func (r *rfx) setNestedValue(current reflect.Value, keys []string, v any) bool {
 		// 使用 tryMapFieldKey 获取实际的键
 		actualKey := tryMapFieldKey(current, firstKey)
 		if !actualKey.IsValid() {
-			return false
+			return NewErrKeyNotFound(firstKey)
 		}
 
 		mapValue := current.MapIndex(actualKey)
 		if !mapValue.IsValid() {
-			return false
+			return NewErrValueNotFound(firstKey)
 		}
 
 		// 解开 interface 包装获取实际的值
@@ -161,27 +161,27 @@ func (r *rfx) setNestedValue(current reflect.Value, keys []string, v any) bool {
 		valueCopy.Set(actualValue)
 
 		// 在副本上递归设置值
-		if !r.setNestedValue(valueCopy, remainingKeys, v) {
-			return false
+		if err := r.setNestedValue(valueCopy, remainingKeys, v); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
 
 		// 将修改后的值设置回 map,使用实际找到的键
 		current.SetMapIndex(actualKey, valueCopy)
-		return true
+		return nil
 
 	case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
 		idx, err := strconv.Atoi(firstKey)
 		if err != nil || idx < 0 || idx >= current.Len() {
-			return false
+			return NewErrInvalidIndex(firstKey, current.Len())
 		}
 		elem := current.Index(idx)
 		if !elem.IsValid() {
-			return false
+			return NewErrElementInvalid(firstKey)
 		}
 		return r.setNestedValue(elem, remainingKeys, v)
 	}
 
-	return false
+	return NewErrUnsupportedType(current.Kind(), firstKey)
 }
 
 // getParentValue 获取父级值的辅助方法
@@ -200,10 +200,11 @@ func (r *rfx) getParentValue(p ...string) reflect.Value {
 }
 
 // setFieldValue 设置字段值的辅助方法
-func (r *rfx) setFieldValue(target reflect.Value, key string, v any) bool {
+// 返回 error 包含详细的设置失败信息
+func (r *rfx) setFieldValue(target reflect.Value, key string, v any) error {
 	for target.Kind() == reflect.Ptr || target.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
 		if target.IsNil() {
-			return false
+			return ErrTargetNilPointer
 		}
 		target = target.Elem()
 	}
@@ -211,8 +212,11 @@ func (r *rfx) setFieldValue(target reflect.Value, key string, v any) bool {
 	switch target.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Struct:
 		field := tryStructFieldValue(target, key)
-		if !field.IsValid() || !field.CanSet() {
-			return false
+		if !field.IsValid() {
+			return NewErrFieldNotFoundInStruct(key, target.Type())
+		}
+		if !field.CanSet() {
+			return NewErrFieldCannotSet(key, field.Type())
 		}
 		return r.setValue(field, v)
 	case reflect.Map:
@@ -225,18 +229,18 @@ func (r *rfx) setFieldValue(target reflect.Value, key string, v any) bool {
 		if actualKey.IsValid() {
 			// 字段已存在,创建新值用于设置
 			newValue := reflect.New(target.Type().Elem()).Elem()
-			if !r.setValue(newValue, v) {
-				return false
+			if err := r.setValue(newValue, v); err != nil {
+				return err
 			}
 			target.SetMapIndex(actualKey, newValue)
-			return true
+			return nil
 		}
 
 		// 字段不存在,创建新的 map 值
 		// 处理 nil 值的情况
 		if v == nil {
 			target.SetMapIndex(reflect.ValueOf(key), reflect.Zero(target.Type().Elem()))
-			return true
+			return nil
 		}
 
 		val := reflect.ValueOf(v)
@@ -245,61 +249,65 @@ func (r *rfx) setFieldValue(target reflect.Value, key string, v any) bool {
 			if val.Type().ConvertibleTo(target.Type().Elem()) {
 				val = val.Convert(target.Type().Elem())
 			} else {
-				return false
+				return NewErrCannotAssign(val.Type(), target.Type().Elem())
 			}
 		}
 		target.SetMapIndex(reflect.ValueOf(key), val)
-		return true
+		return nil
 	case reflect.Slice:
 		idx, err := strconv.Atoi(key)
 		if err != nil {
-			return false
+			return NewErrInvalidSliceIndex(key, err)
 		}
 
 		// 对于切片,支持使用索引 -1 追加新元素(插入到切片前面)
 		if idx == -1 {
 			elemType := target.Type().Elem()
 			newElem := reflect.New(elemType).Elem()
-			if !r.setValue(newElem, v) {
-				return false
+			if err := r.setValue(newElem, v); err != nil {
+				return err
 			}
 			// 将新元素放在前面,原有元素顺序后移
 			newSlice := reflect.MakeSlice(target.Type(), 0, target.Len()+1)
 			newSlice = reflect.Append(newSlice, newElem)
 			newSlice = reflect.AppendSlice(newSlice, target)
 			target.Set(newSlice)
-			return true
+			return nil
 		}
 
 		if idx < 0 || idx >= target.Len() {
-			return false
+			return NewErrSliceIndexOutOfRange(idx, target.Len())
 		}
 		elem := target.Index(idx)
 		if !elem.CanSet() {
-			return false
+			return NewErrSliceElementCannotSet(idx)
 		}
 		return r.setValue(elem, v)
 	case reflect.Array:
 		idx, err := strconv.Atoi(key)
-		if err != nil || idx < 0 || idx >= target.Len() {
-			return false
+		if err != nil {
+			return NewErrInvalidArrayIndex(key, err)
+		}
+		if idx < 0 || idx >= target.Len() {
+			return NewErrArrayIndexOutOfRange(idx, target.Len())
 		}
 		elem := target.Index(idx)
 		if !elem.CanSet() {
-			return false
+			return NewErrArrayElementCannotSet(idx)
 		}
 		return r.setValue(elem, v)
 	}
-	return false
+	return NewErrUnsupportedTargetType(target.Kind())
 }
 
 // setValue 设置值的辅助方法
 // 使用 cast 库进行智能类型转换,支持更多的转换场景
-func (r *rfx) setValue(field reflect.Value, v any) bool {
+// 返回 error 包含详细的类型转换失败信息
+func (r *rfx) setValue(field reflect.Value, v any) error {
 	val, _, err := normalizeInputValue(v)
 
 	if err != nil {
-		return false
+		return NewErrNormalizeInputFailed(err)
 	}
 
 	targetType := field.Type()
@@ -317,7 +325,7 @@ func (r *rfx) setValue(field reflect.Value, v any) bool {
 	// 尝试直接赋值(类型完全匹配)
 	if val.Type().AssignableTo(targetType) {
 		field.Set(val)
-		return true
+		return nil
 	}
 
 	// 如果源值是指针但目标不是指针,尝试解引用后再赋值
@@ -325,7 +333,7 @@ func (r *rfx) setValue(field reflect.Value, v any) bool {
 		derefVal := val.Elem()
 		if derefVal.Type().AssignableTo(targetType) {
 			field.Set(derefVal)
-			return true
+			return nil
 		}
 		// 解引用后继续使用下面的逻辑处理
 		val = derefVal
@@ -337,7 +345,7 @@ func (r *rfx) setValue(field reflect.Value, v any) bool {
 		// 如果传入的值已经是指针类型,尝试直接赋值
 		if val.Type().AssignableTo(targetType) {
 			field.Set(val)
-			return true
+			return nil
 		}
 
 		// 如果传入的值不是指针,创建新指针并设置值
@@ -345,35 +353,35 @@ func (r *rfx) setValue(field reflect.Value, v any) bool {
 		newPtr := reflect.New(elemType)
 
 		// 递归设置指针指向的值
-		if !r.setValue(newPtr.Elem(), v) {
-			return false
+		if err := r.setValue(newPtr.Elem(), v); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
 
 		field.Set(newPtr)
-		return true
+		return nil
 
 	case reflect.Slice: // 处理切片类型,支持从通用切片(如 []any)转换
 		if val.Kind() != reflect.Slice && val.Kind() != reflect.Array {
-			return false
+			return NewErrCannotConvertToSlice(val.Type(), targetType)
 		}
 
 		newSlice := reflect.MakeSlice(targetType, val.Len(), val.Len())
 
 		for i := 0; i < val.Len(); i++ {
-			if !r.setValue(newSlice.Index(i), val.Index(i)) {
-				return false
+			if err := r.setValue(newSlice.Index(i), val.Index(i).Interface()); err != nil {
+				return NewErrSetSliceElementFailed(i, err)
 			}
 		}
 
 		field.Set(newSlice)
 
-		return true
+		return nil
 
 	case reflect.Struct:
 		// 遍历目标结构体的字段,从源值(结构体或 map)中按字段名取值并设置
 		// 仅支持从 struct 或 map 填充
 		if val.Kind() != reflect.Struct && val.Kind() != reflect.Map {
-			return false
+			return NewErrCannotConvertToStruct(val.Type(), targetType)
 		}
 
 		fieldType := field.Type()
@@ -390,11 +398,11 @@ func (r *rfx) setValue(field reflect.Value, v any) bool {
 			}
 
 			// 使用 setValue 复用现有的类型转换逻辑,忽略单个字段失败
-			if !r.setValue(dstField, valField) {
-				return false
+			if err := r.setValue(dstField, valField.Interface()); err != nil {
+				return NewErrSetStructFieldFailed(fieldType.Field(i).Name, err)
 			}
 		}
-		return true
+		return nil
 
 	}
 
@@ -432,28 +440,28 @@ func (r *rfx) setValue(field reflect.Value, v any) bool {
 	case reflect.String:
 		converted, err = cast.ToStringE(v)
 	default:
-		return false
+		return NewErrUnsupportedTargetTypeForValue(targetType, fmt.Sprintf("%T", v))
 	}
 
 	if err != nil {
 		// 如果 cast 失败,尝试标准的反射类型转换作为后备
 		if val.IsValid() && val.Type().ConvertibleTo(field.Type()) {
 			field.Set(val.Convert(field.Type()))
-			return true
+			return nil
 		}
-		return false
+		return NewErrCannotConvertValue(fmt.Sprintf("%T", v), targetType, err)
 	}
 
 	field.Set(reflect.ValueOf(converted))
 
-	return true
+	return nil
 }
 
 // Delete 删除指定路径的值,支持链式调用
 // 如果删除失败会 panic
 func (r *rfx) Delete(p ...string) R {
 	if len(p) == 0 {
-		panic("rfx: empty path")
+		panic(ErrEmptyPath)
 	}
 
 	// 展开路径
@@ -970,8 +978,8 @@ func (r *rfx) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
 	}
 
 	// 如果类型不匹配，尝试使用 setValue 进行转换
-	if !r.setValue(target, v) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("rfx: failed to unmarshal JSON into type %s", target.Type())
+	if err := r.setValue(target, v); err != nil {
+		return NewErrUnmarshalFailed(target.Type(), err)
 	}
 
 	return nil
diff --git a/util.go b/util.go
index 4e9f094..8f81b28 100644
--- a/util.go
+++ b/util.go
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ func normalizeInputValue(v any) (reflect.Value, bool, error) {
 
 		// 如果所有元素都是 nil 或无效,退回到通用处理
 		if elemType == nil {
-			rv = reflect.ValueOf(v)
+			rv = reflect.ValueOf(nil)
 		} else {
 			isPtr = true
 			count := len(vv)